MACHINERIES

PROCESS OF SOFT DRINKS

Published on 2009-05-17 08:17:00

Soft drinks are enormously popular beverages consisting primarily of carbonated water, sugar, and flavorings. Nearly 200 nations enjoy the sweet, sparkling soda with an annual consumption of more than 34 billion gallons. Soft drinks rank as America's favorite beverage segment, representing 25% of the total beverage market. In the early 1990s per capita consumption of soft drinks in the U.S. was 49 gallons, 15 gallons more than the next most popular beverage, water.Raw MaterialsCarbonated water c

Winemaking

Published on 2009-04-22 11:30:00

Winemaking, or vinification, is the production of wine, starting with selection of the grapes or other produce and ending with bottling the finished wine. Although most wine is made from grapes, it may also be made from other fruit or non-toxic plant material. Mead is a wine that is made with honey being the primary ingredient after water.Winemaking can be divided into two general categories: still wine production (without carbonation) and sparkling wine production (with carbonation).PROCESSAfte

THE BREWING PROCESS

Published on 2009-04-10 11:38:00

The brewing process is typically divided into 7 steps: mashing, lautering, boiling, fermenting, conditioning, filtering, and filling.Today, many simplified brewing systems exist which can be used at home or in restaurants. These homebrewing systems are often employed for ease of use, although some people still prefer to do the entire brewing process themselves.MashingMashing is the process of combining a mix of milled grain, known as the grist (typically malted barley with supplementary grains a

OIL DRILLING PROCESS

Published on 2009-04-01 12:31:00

Forming OilOil is formed from the remains of tiny plants and animals (plankton) that died in ancient seas between 10 million and 600 million years ago. After the organisms died, they sank into the sand and mud at the bottom of the sea.­Over the years, the organisms decayed in the sedimentary layers. In these layers, there was little or no oxygen present. So microorganisms broke the remains into carbon-rich compounds that formed organic layers. The organic material mixed with the sediments, f

GLASS BOTTLES MAKING

Published on 2009-03-20 11:59:00

The technique of glass making too is based on similar lines. People learned to make the first glass containers about two thousand years ago. Molten glass was collected on the ends of hollow iron pipes and then expanded by blowing through the pipes. Slowly, people learnt to blow molten glass into moulds. Glass bottle making machines were introduced in the thirties.The first plastics blow molding machine was designed in the early forties; the first plastic bottles were manufactured using polythene

DIAMON MINING

Published on 2009-03-14 12:04:00

MINING DIAMONDS Of all the diamonds mined in the world each year, less than half are gem quality; the rest fall into two other main categories known as near-gem quality and industrial quality diamonds. Gem quality diamonds display a high standard of excellence in quality and are used in jewellery. The clarity of these diamonds ranges from flawless through to visible inclusions. Near-gem quality diamonds represent those stones of a quality between gem and industrial, that in fact can be used as e

COAL MINING PROCESS & MACHINERIES

Published on 2009-03-07 11:20:00

Depending on the depth of the coal layers (seams), extraction is achieved by means of open-cast (down to a depth 500m) or underground mines.An opencast operation has the appearance of an enormous hole, organised a bit like a stadium with terraces, along which machines dig into the seams. But what a stadium! The biggest opencast mines are several kilometres in length and hundreds of meters in depth. In underground mines, the coal is extracted by means of vertical or inclined shafts. At each level

COTTON GINNING

Published on 2009-03-01 02:37:00

Process Description Figure 9.7-1 is a flow diagram of a typical cotton-ginning process. Each of the five ginning steps and associated equipment is described below.Unloading System - Module trucks and trailers transport cotton from the field to the gin. A pneumatic system removes the cotton from the trailers, and either a pneumatic system or a module feeder removes the cotton from modules. A combination conveyer and pneumatic system conveys the cotton to a separator and feed control unit. Prior t

FERTILIZER PRODUCTION

Published on 2009-02-23 08:06:00

Manufacture ProcessThe principal raw materials for fertilizer production are air (to provide nitrogen), natural gas (to provide hydrogen for ammonia synthesis) phosphate rock, potash and sulfur (for suifuric acid production and subsequent use in phosphate fertilizer production). Fossil fuels are also used for power generation in the mining and processing of raw materials. As with other industries, mining and treatment of each raw material may raise environmental problems.Use of natural gas for f

CEMENT PROCESS

Published on 2009-02-17 10:40:00

Cement Process- QUARY Basic Elements For its raw materials, cement uses minerals containing the four essential elements for its creation: calcium, silicon, aluminum and iron. Raw Materials Most plants rely on a nearby quarry for limestone. The most common combination of ingredients is limestone (for calcium) coupled with much smaller quantities of clay and sand (as sources of silica, aluminum and iron). Other raw materials, such as mill scale, shale, ba